Journal: medRxiv

Article Title: Mass-Standardised IgG Response to Fourteen SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein variants and Antibody Subclass analysis for IgG subclasses and IgE for a Long COVID Patient Cohort

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.26.26344863

Figure Lengend Snippet: Mean-normalised concentration data for CC (blue) and LC (red). All variants are considered together for this analysis. Significant differences are present between the cohort medians for IgG1, IgG3 and IgG4 using a Mann Whitney U test with Holm-Sidak correction (Data shown in ). (*) indicates significance p<0.05, (**) indicates significance p<0.005. Some outliers for the IgG1 control data lie outside of the plotted y-values and can be found in

Article Snippet: IgG1 spike reference materials from Sinobiological (40590-D001) were used to calibrate the surface density of spike protein for each variant, binding to the conserved S2 region.

Techniques: Concentration Assay, MANN-WHITNEY, Control

Journal: medRxiv

Article Title: Mass-Standardised IgG Response to Fourteen SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein variants and Antibody Subclass analysis for IgG subclasses and IgE for a Long COVID Patient Cohort

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.26.26344863

Figure Lengend Snippet: Single patient results showing the variant specific response to each IgG subclass measured separately for IgG1-IgE but for all variants simultaneously: A) Control sample and B) Long Covid sample: IgG Subclass concentrations IgG1-4: coloured as pink (IgG1), blue (IgG2), yellow (IgG3), green (IgG4) and grey (IgE).

Article Snippet: IgG1 spike reference materials from Sinobiological (40590-D001) were used to calibrate the surface density of spike protein for each variant, binding to the conserved S2 region.

Techniques: Variant Assay, Control

Journal: medRxiv

Article Title: Mass-Standardised IgG Response to Fourteen SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein variants and Antibody Subclass analysis for IgG subclasses and IgE for a Long COVID Patient Cohort

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.26.26344863

Figure Lengend Snippet: Antibody IgG subclass and IgE concentration distributions presented by SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein variant: CC (blue) and LC (red) cohorts. (A) IgG1; (B) IgG2, (C) IgG3, (D) IgG4 and (E) IgE. The boxplots show the medians and interquartile range. The vertical lines on each box point to the extremes of the distributions. Significant results to the p< 0.05 (*) and p<0.005 (**) level determined by the Mann-Whitney U test with Holm-Sidak correction applied

Article Snippet: IgG1 spike reference materials from Sinobiological (40590-D001) were used to calibrate the surface density of spike protein for each variant, binding to the conserved S2 region.

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Variant Assay, MANN-WHITNEY

Journal: medRxiv

Article Title: Mass-Standardised IgG Response to Fourteen SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein variants and Antibody Subclass analysis for IgG subclasses and IgE for a Long COVID Patient Cohort

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.26.26344863

Figure Lengend Snippet: Correlation between Total IgG and subclass measurements: A) Control Cohort, B) Long Covid Cohort. Marker shape denotes subclass: IgG1 (o), IgG2 (x), IgG3 (□), IgG4 (◊) and IgE (Δ). Regression lines are ordered vertically and IgG1 and IgG4 production dominates in long COVID patients compared with IgG1 and IgG2 in controls; A) controls IgG1-IgG2-IgG3-IgG4-IgE; and B) long COVID IgG1-IgG4-IgG2-IgE-IgG3.

Article Snippet: IgG1 spike reference materials from Sinobiological (40590-D001) were used to calibrate the surface density of spike protein for each variant, binding to the conserved S2 region.

Techniques: Control, Marker

Journal: medRxiv

Article Title: Mass-Standardised IgG Response to Fourteen SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein variants and Antibody Subclass analysis for IgG subclasses and IgE for a Long COVID Patient Cohort

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.26.26344863

Figure Lengend Snippet:

Article Snippet: IgG1 spike reference materials from Sinobiological (40590-D001) were used to calibrate the surface density of spike protein for each variant, binding to the conserved S2 region.

Techniques: Transformation Assay

Journal: medRxiv

Article Title: Mass-Standardised IgG Response to Fourteen SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein variants and Antibody Subclass analysis for IgG subclasses and IgE for a Long COVID Patient Cohort

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.26.26344863

Figure Lengend Snippet: The variant profiles showing the long COVID classification triggers: (A) IgG1 below threshold, T; and (B) IgG3 (C) IgG4 (D) IgE above threshold, T, derived from the percentile (T) in the mean-normalised variant concentration distributions in the Control Cohort.

Article Snippet: IgG1 spike reference materials from Sinobiological (40590-D001) were used to calibrate the surface density of spike protein for each variant, binding to the conserved S2 region.

Techniques: Variant Assay, Derivative Assay, Concentration Assay, Control

Journal: Biodesign Research

Article Title: Engineered RNA-based activation system for coronavirus sensing in live cells

doi: 10.1016/j.bidere.2025.100040

Figure Lengend Snippet: The design of coronavirus VERAS RNAs. (a) A scheme depicting the structure of genomic and subgenomic RNAs of 229E and the viral RNA's discontinuous synthesis strategy. (b) Design of the positive-stranded VERAS (+) and proposed activities of VERAS-regulated synthetic genes and host genes, with and without viral infection. (c) Design of the negative stranded VERAS (−) and proposed activation of transgene expression upon viral infection. (d) Design of the VERAS by mimicking the viral genomic and subgenomic RNAs.

Article Snippet: Cells were stained overnight at 4 °C with mouse J2 anti-dsRNA (SCICONS #10010200) and rabbit anti-HCoV 229E spike (The Native Antigen Company, # PAB21477 –500) primary antibodies diluted 1:250 in BB.

Techniques: Infection, Activation Assay, Expressing

Journal: Biodesign Research

Article Title: Engineered RNA-based activation system for coronavirus sensing in live cells

doi: 10.1016/j.bidere.2025.100040

Figure Lengend Snippet: VERASs encode additional proteins and are packaged into progeny virions for cell transmission. (a) Positive-strand genomic and subgenomic VERAS designs encoding both GFP and mRuby3. (b – d) GFP and mRuby3 expression in the 293T/hAPN cells with or without 229E infection at 48 hpi. Bars: means; circles: technical replicates (n ​= ​4 biological replicates, 8 images each). Scale bar, 200 ​μm. (e) Negative strand bicistronic VERAS designs. (f – g) Flow cytometry quantification of GFP and mRuby3 expression from VERAS (−) ( n ​= ​3 biological replicates, 3 technical replicates each). (h) SARS-CoV-2 (S), 229E (E), and OC43 (O) VERASs with packaging sequences. (i) GFP signal in cells re-infected with virions from VERAS-transfected (S, E, O) or control (NC) cells, mock vs 229E or OC43 infection. Bars: means; circles: individual images (n ​= ​4 biological replicates, 4 images each). Statistical significance: two-tailed t -test (b–d, f–g); one-tailed t -test (i); n.s., not significant; ∗P ​< ​0.05; ∗∗P ​< ​0.01; ∗∗∗P ​< ​0.001. Source data available.

Article Snippet: Cells were stained overnight at 4 °C with mouse J2 anti-dsRNA (SCICONS #10010200) and rabbit anti-HCoV 229E spike (The Native Antigen Company, # PAB21477 –500) primary antibodies diluted 1:250 in BB.

Techniques: Transmission Assay, Expressing, Infection, Flow Cytometry, Transfection, Control, Two Tailed Test, One-tailed Test

Journal: Biodesign Research

Article Title: Engineered RNA-based activation system for coronavirus sensing in live cells

doi: 10.1016/j.bidere.2025.100040

Figure Lengend Snippet: VERASs for live-cell virus detection and infection-activated antiviral. (a) GFP intensity in 293T/hAPN cells infected with or without 229E virus at various loads. Data shown as box plots (median, 25–75th percentiles, min–max) from 4 biological replicates (8 technical repeats each). (b) Apoptosis signal (Annexin V) in cells transfected with or without VERASs encoding apoptosis inducers (Bax or Caspase3) and infected with 229E. Data from 4 biological (8 images each). (c) 229E virus titers in media from cells transfected with or without a VERAS expressing IFNα subtypes (positive or negative strand) and infected with 229E. Data from 3 biological replicates (3 technical repeats each), shown as mean (bar) and individual data points (circles). (d) Death signal (Cytotox green dye) of the infected cells. Data from 3 biological replicates (16 images each), presented as violin plots. (e) Scheme of co-culture assay to assess protective effects of VERAS-3 (+) or VERAS-3 (−) IFNA8 on neighboring cells. (f) Death rate of GFP + cells in total GFP + cells. One-tailed Student's t-tests for p values. (g) Mechanism and future applications of VERAS system that harnesses viral regulatory machineries to detect virus infection and trigger antiviral therapy. Data from 3 biological replicates, shown as mean ​± ​s.e.m. Statistical Analysis: P values calculated by two-tailed Student's t-test unless otherwise noted. NC, no transfection negative control; n.s., not significant; ∗P ​< ​0.05; ∗∗P ​< ​0.01; ∗∗∗P ​< ​0.001. Source data provided.

Article Snippet: Cells were stained overnight at 4 °C with mouse J2 anti-dsRNA (SCICONS #10010200) and rabbit anti-HCoV 229E spike (The Native Antigen Company, # PAB21477 –500) primary antibodies diluted 1:250 in BB.

Techniques: Virus, Infection, Transfection, Expressing, Co-culture Assay, One-tailed Test, Two Tailed Test, Negative Control

Journal: Biodesign Research

Article Title: Engineered RNA-based activation system for coronavirus sensing in live cells

doi: 10.1016/j.bidere.2025.100040

Figure Lengend Snippet: Coronavirus infection induces VERAS-mediated reporter expression. (a – d) GFP expression from VERAS (+) (a – b) and VERAS (−) (c – d) with and without 229E infection. GFP intensity is the integrated signal measured using the IncuCyte Live-cell Imaging System. 4 independent biological replicates were performed (4 images were taken for a and c , and 8 images for b and d per biological replicate). Bar represents mean of each group, and each dot represents an individual image. Scale bar in ( b ) and ( d ), 400 ​μm. ( e ) Immunofluorescence imaging of 293T/hAPN cells transfected with VERASs and infected with 229E. TagBFP marks transfected cells; dsRNA and spike protein co-stained. 3 independent biological replicates were performed, with 8–12 images taken per replicate. Scale bar, 20 ​μm. ( f ) GFP intensity in VERAS transfected cells, comparing 229E vs. mock infected conditions. ( g ) Mander's correlation coefficients between dsRNA or 229E spike vs. GFP signal in cells infected with 229E comparing transfection with VERASs and untransfected control. ( h ) GFP percent positivity of cells stained positive for 229E spike or dsRNA, comparing 229E vs. mock infected conditions. Data are presented as mean ​± ​s.e.m. P values were calculated by two-tailed Student's t tests. n.s., not significant; ∗, P ​< ​0.05; ∗∗, P ​< ​0.01; ∗∗∗, P ​< ​0.001. Source data and P values are provided.

Article Snippet: Cells were stained overnight at 4 °C with mouse J2 anti-dsRNA (SCICONS #10010200) and rabbit anti-HCoV 229E spike (The Native Antigen Company, # PAB21477 –500) primary antibodies diluted 1:250 in BB.

Techniques: Infection, Expressing, Live Cell Imaging, Immunofluorescence, Imaging, Transfection, Staining, Control, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Biodesign Research

Article Title: Engineered RNA-based activation system for coronavirus sensing in live cells

doi: 10.1016/j.bidere.2025.100040

Figure Lengend Snippet: VERASs are transcribed and replicated during coronavirus infection. (a – b) GFP expression dynamics in 293T/hAPN cells transfected with in vitro transcribed VERAS-3 and -6 (positive strand, a ) or VERAS-3 (negative strand, b ) following 229E infection. (c) RT-PCR-based detection of (+) and (−) RNA transcripts from VERASs. (d) Gel image of RT-PCR products for detection of the (−) RNA transcribed from (+) VERAS at 24 hpi. (e) Replication of VERAS-3 (+) and VERAS-6 (+) during 229E infection. Cells were transfected with the in vitro transcribed RNAs, infected with 229E, and total cellular RNA was collected at 1, 10, 22, and 36 hpi. VERAS RNA levels were quantified by RT-qPCR and normalized to 1 hpi. Data represents 3 biological replicates (3 technical repeats each), shown as mean ​± ​s.e.m. Statistical significance determined by two-tailed Student's t-test: n.s., not significant; ∗P ​< ​0.05; ∗∗∗P ​< ​0.001. Source data and P values are provided.

Article Snippet: Cells were stained overnight at 4 °C with mouse J2 anti-dsRNA (SCICONS #10010200) and rabbit anti-HCoV 229E spike (The Native Antigen Company, # PAB21477 –500) primary antibodies diluted 1:250 in BB.

Techniques: Infection, Expressing, Transfection, In Vitro, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, Quantitative RT-PCR, Two Tailed Test

Journal: NPJ Vaccines

Article Title: Strong and early immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 in mice and rhesus macaques after BNT162b3 vaccination

doi: 10.1038/s41541-025-01365-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Design and structure of the mRNA constructs encoding the SARS-CoV-2 RBD. The RBD-specific sequence (amino acids 327–528 of the wild-type SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein sequence) was fused to the sequence encoding the trimerization domain of the T4 fibritin (foldon). In BNT162b3, the N-terminal sequence (which includes the S SP) was prolonged and the CT was devoid of an ER retention motif the C-terminal 19 amino acids (CTΔ19). b Detection of total (intracellular and surface) and cell surface expression of the encoded RBDs in HEK293T cells by SARS-CoV-2 S1-specific antibody staining and flow cytometry. HEK293T cells were transfected with mRNA formulated with a transfection reagent (hatched bars) or with LNPs (full bars). Bars indicate arithmetic group means + SD. c Representative confocal images of the cellular localization of the RBD in HEK293T cells transfected with BNT162b1 or BNT162b3 mRNA formulated with a transfection reagent. Non-transfected cells were used as a control. aa amino acids, CT cytoplasmic tail, ER endoplasmic reticulum, LNP lipid nanoparticle, RBD receptor-binding domain, S spike; SARS-CoV-2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SD standard deviation, SP signal peptide, TM transmembrane domain, UTR untranslated region.

Article Snippet: Polyclonal mouse IgG (Southern Biotech, cat# 0107-01), rabbit monoclonal SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgG (SinoBiological, cat# 40150-R007), horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (Sigma-Aldrich, cat# A0545, 1:5,000 dilution), HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (Jackson Immuno Research, cat# 115-035-071, 1:7,500 dilution), goat anti-rabbit IgG (Jackson ImmunoResearch, cat# 1111-545-003), anti-vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV G) IgG2aΚ (clone 8G5F11, Kerafast, cat# EB0010).

Techniques: Construct, Sequencing, Expressing, Staining, Flow Cytometry, Transfection, Control, Binding Assay, Standard Deviation

Journal: NPJ Vaccines

Article Title: Strong and early immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 in mice and rhesus macaques after BNT162b3 vaccination

doi: 10.1038/s41541-025-01365-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: Female BALB/c mice ( n = 5–8) received a single i.m. dose of 1 µg BNT162b1 or 0.2 µg or 1 µg BNT162b3 or buffer control. Serum samples obtained after vaccination for a follow-up period of 28 days were analyzed for a concentration of RBD-binding IgG, and for b pVNT 50 (log 10 ) against the wild-type SARS-CoV-2 lineage. Horizontal gray line marks the LLOD. c IFN-γ secretion by splenocytes from Day 28 pulsed with RBD overlapping peptide pool, by ELISpot. d Secretion of cytokines by splenocytes from Day 28 pulsed with S1 overlapping peptide pool, determined on culture supernatants by bead-based multiplex analysis. P values, α = 0.05, from two- ( a , b ) or one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test ( c [BNT162b3], d ), or unpaired t -test ( c , BNT162b1). Symbols represent individual animals; bar heights indicate group arithmetic means ( c , d ) or geometric means ( a , b written above bars). ELISpot enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot, GM-CSF granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, IFN-γ interferon gamma, IgG immunoglobulin G, IL interleukin, i.m. intramuscular, pVNT 50 pseudovirus-based VSV-SARS-CoV-2 50% neutralization titers, RBD receptor-binding domain, S spike, S1 N-terminal furin cleavage fragment of S, SARS-CoV-2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, T H T helper, TNF tumor necrosis factor, VSV vesicular stomatitis virus.

Article Snippet: Polyclonal mouse IgG (Southern Biotech, cat# 0107-01), rabbit monoclonal SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgG (SinoBiological, cat# 40150-R007), horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (Sigma-Aldrich, cat# A0545, 1:5,000 dilution), HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (Jackson Immuno Research, cat# 115-035-071, 1:7,500 dilution), goat anti-rabbit IgG (Jackson ImmunoResearch, cat# 1111-545-003), anti-vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV G) IgG2aΚ (clone 8G5F11, Kerafast, cat# EB0010).

Techniques: Control, Concentration Assay, Binding Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunospot, Multiplex Assay, ELISpot Assay, Neutralization, Virus

Journal: NPJ Vaccines

Article Title: Strong and early immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 in mice and rhesus macaques after BNT162b3 vaccination

doi: 10.1038/s41541-025-01365-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: Female BALB/c mice ( n = 12) received two i.m. doses (Days 0 and 92) of 0.2 µg or 5 µg of BNT162b3 or 5 µg control RNA-LNP (C). Serum samples obtained for a follow-up period of 127 days were analyzed for a serum concentration of RBD-binding IgG, and for b pVNT 50 (log 10 ) against the wild-type SARS-CoV-2 lineage. Horizontal gray lines mark the LLODs. c IFN-γ secretion by splenocytes from Day 127 (Day 35 PD2) pulsed with RBD overlapping peptide pool, by ELISpot. P values, α = 0.05, from one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test ( c ). Symbols represent individual animals; bar heights indicate geometric ( a , b written above bars) or arithmetic means ( c ). ELISpot enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot, IFN-γ interferon gamma, i.m. intramuscular, LLOD lower limit of detection, RNA-LNP ribonucleic acid lipid nanoparticle, PD post dose, pVNT 50 pseudovirus-based VSV-SARS-CoV-2 50% neutralization titers, RBD receptor-binding domain, S spike, SARS-CoV-2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, VSV vesicular stomatitis virus.

Article Snippet: Polyclonal mouse IgG (Southern Biotech, cat# 0107-01), rabbit monoclonal SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgG (SinoBiological, cat# 40150-R007), horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (Sigma-Aldrich, cat# A0545, 1:5,000 dilution), HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (Jackson Immuno Research, cat# 115-035-071, 1:7,500 dilution), goat anti-rabbit IgG (Jackson ImmunoResearch, cat# 1111-545-003), anti-vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV G) IgG2aΚ (clone 8G5F11, Kerafast, cat# EB0010).

Techniques: Control, Concentration Assay, Binding Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunospot, ELISpot Assay, Neutralization, Virus

Journal: NPJ Vaccines

Article Title: Strong and early immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 in mice and rhesus macaques after BNT162b3 vaccination

doi: 10.1038/s41541-025-01365-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: Male macaques (2–4 years old, n = 6) received two i.m. doses of 30 μg of BNT162b1 or BNT162b3 (Day 0 and 21; arrowhead below the x -axes). a RBD-binding IgG concentration (LLOD = 1.1505 U mL −1 ). b VNT 50 (LLOD = 20) against the wild-type SARS-CoV-2 lineage. The blue triangles in a and b mark the mean values for previously published BNT162b1 data . Horizontal gray lines mark the LLOD. Values below the LLOD were set to 1/2 the LLOD. c–f PBMCs collected on Days 0, 14, and 28 or 42 after Dose 1 were pulsed ex vivo with a full-length S overlapping peptide pool. c , IFN-γ and IL-4 ELISpot. d Frequency of S-specific CD4 + T cells expressing IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-21, any T H 1 cytokine (IFN-γ, IL-2 or TNF-α) and all three T H 1 cytokines by flow cytometry. e Frequency of S-specific CD4 + T cells and cTfh cells expressing IL-21, and any T H 1 cytokine (IFN-γ, IL-2 or TNF-α) by flow cytometry. f Frequency of S-specific CD8 + T cells expressing IFN-γ by flow cytometry. Each symbol represents one macaque. Heights of bars indicate the geometric ( a , b ) or arithmetic ( c – f ) means for each group, and values are written above the bars. cTfh circulating T follicular helper, IFN-γ interferon gamma, IL interleukin, i.m. intramuscular, LLOD lower limit of detection, NT not tested, NA not available, PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cell, RBD receptor-binding domain, RNA-LNP ribonucleic acid lipid nanoparticle, S spike, SARS-CoV-2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, T H T helper, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor alpha, VNT 50 SARS-CoV-2 virus 50% neutralization titers.

Article Snippet: Polyclonal mouse IgG (Southern Biotech, cat# 0107-01), rabbit monoclonal SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgG (SinoBiological, cat# 40150-R007), horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (Sigma-Aldrich, cat# A0545, 1:5,000 dilution), HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (Jackson Immuno Research, cat# 115-035-071, 1:7,500 dilution), goat anti-rabbit IgG (Jackson ImmunoResearch, cat# 1111-545-003), anti-vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV G) IgG2aΚ (clone 8G5F11, Kerafast, cat# EB0010).

Techniques: Binding Assay, Concentration Assay, Ex Vivo, Enzyme-linked Immunospot, Expressing, Flow Cytometry, Virus, Neutralization

Journal: NPJ Vaccines

Article Title: Strong and early immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 in mice and rhesus macaques after BNT162b3 vaccination

doi: 10.1038/s41541-025-01365-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Female BALB/c mice ( n = 12) received two i.m. doses (on Days 0 and 92) of 0.2 µg BNT162b3. Sera obtained on Day 91 PD1 and Days 7 and 35 PD2 were analyzed for pVNT 50 against the wild-type lineage and variants. b Male rhesus macaques (2–4 years old, n = 6) received two i.m. doses (on Days 0 and 21) of 30 µg BNT162b3 RNA-LNP, and serum was collected on Day 7 PD2. Graphs show log 10 of pVNT 50 against the wild-type SARS-CoV-2 lineage and variants. Symbols represent individual values; black lines indicate geometric means. Horizontal gray lines mark the LLODs. P values, α = 0.05, from two- ( a ) or one-way ( b ) ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test. i.m. intramuscular, LLOD lower limit of detection, PD post dose, pVNT 50 pseudovirus-based VSV-SARS-CoV-2 50% neutralization titers, SARS-CoV-2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, VSV vesicular stomatitis virus.

Article Snippet: Polyclonal mouse IgG (Southern Biotech, cat# 0107-01), rabbit monoclonal SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgG (SinoBiological, cat# 40150-R007), horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (Sigma-Aldrich, cat# A0545, 1:5,000 dilution), HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (Jackson Immuno Research, cat# 115-035-071, 1:7,500 dilution), goat anti-rabbit IgG (Jackson ImmunoResearch, cat# 1111-545-003), anti-vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV G) IgG2aΚ (clone 8G5F11, Kerafast, cat# EB0010).

Techniques: Neutralization, Virus